Musical Theatre Analysis for Pathos and Logos-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMusical Theatre Analysis for Pathos, Ethos and Logos. Answer: Music expresses that which cannot be put into words and that which cannot remain silent. The above quoted line clearly indicates the importance attached to music as the medium to articulate the inarticulate. Music has been primarily seen as a form of entertainment for the people and also a way to pass their leisure time. Music has been an important part of our society since the ancient times however in the recent times the form has undergone some rapid transformations (Taylor 2012). The end result of this is the rise of the various kinds of musical theatres which use the medium of music to depict a performance. The present day musical theatres along with the medium of music use various other devices like the use of pathos, ethos, logos and various instrumental forms of music (Taylor 2012). It is to be noted that the various musical theatres consists of song, dialogue, dance, acting and others (Taylor 2012). P.B. Shelley very aptly defined the meaning of the present day songs when he said in his famous ode To a Skylark, We look before and after, And pine for what is not: Our sincerest laughter With some pain is fraught; Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought. The concept has been used by the various musical theatres to captivate the audiences as well as to attract them with their musical works. According to Friedrich Nietzsche, in his book,Twilight of the Idols, Without music, life would be a mistake. This essay intends to compare and contrast two pieces of musical works, namely, Les Misrables (1985) and My Fair Lady (1956). My Fair Lady produced in the year 1956 was based on the famous play Pygmalion of George Bernard Shaw (McHugh 2012). Alan Jay Lerner wrote the lyrics for this Broadway play and Frederick Loewe did the music composition for this piece (Garebian 1998). It is to be noted that in 1956 this musical set the record for the longest running musical on Broadway (Garebian 1998). The original play Pygmalion on which this musical was based, was itself based on the ancient myth of Pygmalion (Lerner, Shaw and Loewe 1959). The musical narrates the transformation of a girl named Eliza Doolittle with the help of the phonetics specialist Prof. Henry Higgins. However, under this mesh of transformational tale this musical consists of a range of themes like the emancipation of women, the faade of the social class and system and various others (Lerner, Shaw and Loewe 1959). Les Misrables, produced in the year 1985, was based on the novel of the same name of Victor Hugo (Grossman and Stephens 2016). Alain Boublil composed the original French lyrics of the musical whereas the music was composed by Claude-Michel Schnberg (Grossman and Stephens 2016). It is to be noted that the London production ever since its launch in the year 1985, thereby making it the longest running play of the West End and the second longest-running musical in the world after the original Off-Broadway run of The Fantasticks (Grossman and Stephens 2016). The musical narrates the story of Jean Valjean, a 19th century peasant of France who gets arrested for stealing a loaf of bread and had to serve nineteen years in the prison (Boublil and Kretzmer 2013). After getting out of the prison he decides to follow a path of redemption by following a righteous path (Boublil and Kretzmer 2013). The original novel as well as the musical production of it still remains one of the masterpieces of mo dern Literature and Theatre. It is to be noted that both the works My Fair Lady and Les Misrables belong to the genre of musical theatres. Both the works make use of dialogues, songs, action and various other musical elements to convey their message to the audience. For example, Eliza Doolittle in the musical My Fair Lady sings, Eliza Doolittle: (singing) The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain! Eliza Doolittle: The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain! In the musical, Les Miserables as well there are many songs like If I speak, I am condemned. If I stay silent, I am damned! The contrast between the two musicals lies primary in the nature of the content which they portray and also the manner in which they are being portrayed. The musical My Fair Lady, for example, is very light veined and uses the genre of comedy to deliver its message whereas the musical Les Miserables, on the other hand, is a more serious one and delivers its message using the devices of pathos and logos (Grossman and Stephens 2016). The songs as well as the musical pieces used in the two works are also greatly different. The musical piece, My Fair Lady, for example, uses songs as well as instrumental music pieces which had a distinct English flavor in them whereas the songs and the instrumental musical pieces used in the musical Les Miserables had a distinct European flavor in them (Grossman and Stephens 2016). It is also interesting to note that the musical Les Miserables makes a much more eloquent use of the devices of lightening, use of space on the stage, costumes and various othe rs in comparison to the musical My Fair Lady (McHugh 2012). It is also to be noted that the style of singing and dialogue delivery in My Fair Lady has a cockney flavor to it which is missing in the musical Les Miserables, although the central character of this musical is a 19th century French peasant (McHugh 2012). It is to be noted that the musical My Fair Lady is often considered to be one of the finest musicals of all times. According to an article, Not since Guys and Dolls have all the elements of a big musical production the stars and the chorus, the sets and the costumes, the dances and the plot, the melodies and the lyrics been blended so artfully and so enjoyably (NY Daily News 2018). The original musical score of the musical also have been much appreciated. According to the same article, With all its extra musical trappings, My Fair Lady remains pure Shaw (NY Daily News 2018). Thus, it can be said that the composer, Frederick Loewe uses all the devices of music to make this musical a remarkable one. It is to be noted that the background music during the performance keeps on changing keeping in view the changes on the stage. The Rain in Spain is one of the most popular songs of the musical My Fair Lady. The melody or the line which the listener follows most closely in this particular song is The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain!/ The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain!. The song initially starts in a lower tone however as the song proceeds the tone or the dynamics of the song increase keep in view the portrayal of the transformation of the cockney girl into the Duchess. It is to be noted that during the entire song a faint piano plays in the background keeping in view the changing tone of the song sung of Eliza. The texture of the song is often said to be plain and often falls in the category of cockney music. It is to be noted that the song consists of two sections-the first one where Eliza is a bit nervous and the second section where she sings confidently. The musical Les Miserables, on the other hand, has also been much appreciated for its musical quality. The musical was initially not very well received by the audience. However, its original music hit the right cords with the people. According to an article, Despite the grandeur of the music, the courage of the intentions, Les Miserables has, sadly, been reduced to The Glums (Dominic Cavendish 2018). The composer, Claude-Michel Schonberg frequent changes in the style of music as well as the musical instruments in a bid to incorporate the mood of the individuals on the scene and also to keep the music in synchronization with the scene. The song If I speak, I am condemned./ If I stay silent, I am damned! forms an important part of the musical Les Miserables. The tone of the song is constant throughout. However, towards the end of the piece there a deepening of the tone keeping in view the emotions which the singer tries to portray. It is to be noted that during the entire song a backgr ound piano music plays on the stage. The song has a peasant texture as it is being sung by a French peasant. The song has a symmetrical quality to it. Therefore, from the above discussion it becomes clear that the two musical pieces although belonging to the same genre of musical theatre have some similarities as well as dissimilarities among them. However, the differences between them far outweigh the similarities among them. It is to be noted that each work is unique in its own right and therefore the message or the amount of pleasure which it seeks to deliver to its intended audience cannot be matched by any other work no matter how good or bad that work is. References Boublil, A. and Kretzmer, H., 2013.Les Miserables Selections From The Movie. Wise Publications. Garebian, K., 1998.The Making of My Fair Lady. Mosaic Press. Grossman, K.M. and Stephens, B., 2016. Les Misrables: From Epic Novel to Epic Musical.Gordon and Jubin, The Oxford Handbook of the British Musical. Notes. Lerner, A.J., Shaw, B. and Loewe, F., 1959.My fair lady: a musical play in two acts based on Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw. New American library. McHugh, D., 2012.Loverly: the life and times of My fair lady. OUP USA. Shaw, B., 1975.Collected Plays with their prefaces(Vol. 4). Dodd, Mead. Taylor, M., 2012.Musical theatre, realism and entertainment. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. NY Daily News. 2018.My Fair Lady is a superb, stylish musical: 1956 review. [online] Available at: https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/theater-arts/fair-lady-superb-stylish-musical-1956-review-article-1.2561573 [Accessed 12 Mar. 2018]. Dominic Cavendish 2018.30 reasons why Les Miserables has lasted 30 years. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/30-reasons-why-les-mis-has-lasted-30-years/ [Accessed 12 Mar. 2018].

International Business Zara- Free solution with case study

Questions: 1. How does Zara's advantage travel globally? Explain what features of Zara travel well and which ones do not. Analyze / discuss. 2. What do you think of Zara's past international strategy? Evaluate its past strategy for Product (market selection), its mode of entry (e.g. franchising, etc) and its standardization of marketing approach. 3. What is the best way to grow the Zara chain internationally? Where do you think (what region) would make most sense? Answers: Introduction Zara is one of the biggest retail chain in the worlds fashion industry. Indixt group from North West Spain owns the business. Some of the worlds famous brands are owned by the company. These include Pull Bear, Massimo Dutti, Oysho, Stradivarius, Uterque, and Bershka. Zara was first opened in 1975. They had been one of the most successful brands in the world having innovation at its core. The production line of Zara is not outsourced to low-cost countries to ensure authenticity in designs and productions. Many other companies in this segment do outsource there production to low cost countries. Zara is not very fond of advertising there brand. Instead they open new stores in different locations. Zara has always been known for the efficient customer support and effective supply chain they have in place. Their main focus lies upon the loyal customer. 1. How does Zara's advantage travel globally? Explain what features of Zara travel well and which ones do not. Analyze / discuss. Zaras promotion strategy both for domestic and the foreign market is same where at the start of the sales or when new store is made, then advertisement campaigns are held. Zara uses its store and its customers as its main promotional tools. Prices are set centrally with Spain as the core center and other international market as destination. Spain has least prices and prices of the international store varies as per the distribution cost associated with the overall value chain. Store location has always been a critical factor both for domestic as well as international market. Zara (Vertica, 2011) uses prime locations as their priorities for establishing a store. Opening up of stores at prime location are decided as per the overall analysis of the local environment where opportunity persist for the company so as to achieve maximum profitability at the end. Professional store decorators are used to prototype the interior design and shop window display centrally and then replicated intern ationally. Zara standardizes important strategic component such as window display, location, store layout, interior design, store display rotation, information systems, customer service and logistics. To suit the local preferences rest of the items are synchronized accordingly. 2. What do you think of Zara's past international strategy? Evaluate its past strategy for Product (market selection), its mode of entry (e.g. franchising, etc.) and its standardization of marketing approach. Zara follows three theories when one is talking about internationalization (Carmen, 2009). Uppsala internationalization model, Transaction cost analysis model, and the network model. First one which is Uppsala internationalization model (Hongjoo, 2014) says that a firm using the experience gained over time intensifies the commitment towards the international market (Andrea, 2013). With time and experience in a particular area, one tends to spread the business in that area locally first and then globally as per the capacity of the business expands. Foreign market have similar features in this case to the local territory. Similar feature can be said to be language, political system and culture. Firstly sporadic exports are been followed with no exports in the initial period. Secondly independent representatives do the export. Then foreign sales subsidiary are established. This model requires a four step model stated above. Zara started its business in 1975 when it opened its first store in Spain. Zara started off with opening stores in highly populated regions. They always tried to cover the territories they were working in and in 1988 went search for other international opportunities. They used their experience to learn and grow and to expand in the country and then to the foreign market. Their initial destination was Portugal because of its cultural and geographical similarity with Spain with some changes in the existing business model. Countries with less geographic distance were identified and new stores were opened there spreading all over the country. Then a new store was opened in Northern Europe particularly in Paris which is also called capital of fashion. Then they went to Mexico then to South American market. By overcoming the psychic and geographical distances, Zara expended in eight countries of Europe with the help of European Union. Then they changed the theme country of theirs to coinci de with the Australian and Middle East Culture. Zara readily followed the oil stain strategy by dominating over one place and spreading across similar to an oil stain on water. Zara opened its first social flagship store to get information about the industry and equipping the required expertise for which it opened the store in a strategic area. This expertise and experience helped the company to expand in the country. In European countries where the cultural and geographical distance is very low, Zara did direct investment using hierarchical model and used intermediate to enter the countries using joint ventures and franchises. In countries like India Zara used local agent like Tata to enter the market of the country. This overall strategy seems similar to the Uppsala internationalization model where Zara established there grounds in different countries going through the four stages. They outsourced some of the products instead of going to foreign manufacturing plant to be cost effective. 3. What is the best way to grow the Zara chain internationally? Where do you think (what region) would make most sense? Zara uses multi brand store strategy which has both advantages and disadvantages for the company. Zara (Viswanadham, 2012) has multiple brands under its roof like Zara Kids, Pull Bear, Massimo Dutti, Oysho, Stradivarius, Uterque, and Bershka. Zara followed an ethnocentric orientation during the early stages of internationalization where subsidiary companies of Zara had to be a replication of the existing Spanish stores. This approach however landed Zara into many difficulties due to the vast difference in the culture which is why Zara decided to now think on geographic front as well thereby allowing the company to use local solutions for the expansion of company rather than mere replicating the existing business model. One can see a homogeneous mix of products for the global market by Zara. It makes adjustments in the existing marketing mix hen it is expanding to different culture location. For example some of the garments werent allowed to be sold in Arab nations, vast different in customer sizes in Asian countries, different season as compared to other in the southern hemisphere. Zara is one of the biggest retail chain in the worlds fashion industry. It has transformed itself from a local Spanish brand to a globally recognized fashion brand within just 30 years (Rupal, 2013). References Andrea Runfola, Simone Guercini, (2013) "Fast fashion companies coping with internationalization: driving the change or changing the model?", Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, Vol. 17 Iss: 2, pp.190 - 205 Carmen Lopez, Ying Fan, Brunel Business School , 2009, "INTERNATIONALISATION OF THE SPANISH FASHION BRAND ZARA ", Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management (2009), 13:2, 279-296 Hongjoo Woo , Byoungho Jin, 2014, "Asian apparel brands Internationalization: the application of theories to the cases of Giordano and Uniqlo", Youngone N. Viswanadham, 2012, ZARA-Fast Fashion, Ecosystem Aware Global Supply Chain Management, https://14.139.160.15/courses/110108056/module1/Lecture03.pdf Rupal Parekh, 2013, "How Zara Ballooned Into a Multi-Billion Dollar Brand Without Advertising", Advertizing Age, https://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/zara-grew-a-multi-billion-dollar-brand-sans-ads/243730/ Vertica Bhardwaj, Megan Eickman Rodney C. Runyan, 2011, "A case study on the internationalization process of a born-global fashion retailer", The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, Volume 21, Issue 3, 2011.

Corporate social responsibility Research Paper Example

Corporate social responsibility Paper Corporate social responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contributes to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large. Although the secondary stakeholders such as community, society and environment seem to have lower effect on business, an organisation that sought to act in a responsible way would need to compromise and take into account the secondary effects i.e. the externalities of business practice when undertaking work. These responsibilities are directly linked to the essential functions the organisation performs for society and the influence it has upon the lives of individuals. WPP Media is undertaking many programmes in relation to being socially responsible. In 2002, WPP adopted a Corporate Social Responsibility policy and established a performance baseline comprising a small number of key measures for environmental and social issues. WPPs director, Howard Paster, is responsible for the implementation of this policy. WPPs operating companies, together with the parent company, make a substantial contribution to society e.g. donations to charity and community organizations. They contributed more than à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12 million worth of time, skills, materials and money to social and community causes in 2001. WPP supports a number of community programmes including the Partnership Against Drugs, a UK-government initiative led by Business in the Community, and has participated in the Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum. WPP is a founder member of the RSAs initiative, Centre for Tomorrows Company, which advances best competitive and ethical business practice. As WWP Media is mainly a service-based company, their impact on the environment is small, but the Group recognises that the pursuit of economic growth and a healthy environment are inextricably linked. WPP, as a parent company to their operating companies, upholds the principle of subsidiary and charges their companies to adhere to best practice. In their worldwide operations they endeavour to adopt good environmental practice in respect of premises, equipment and consumption of resources. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate social responsibility specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate social responsibility specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate social responsibility specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the last few years they have invested in millions in improving areas such as education, employment and financed government schemes. As part of WPPs strategy of supporting young people through education, they have pledged 60,000 to Londons first Arts College for the Media Arts: Charles Edward Brooke, a state secondary school for girls from multi-ethnic backgrounds. This government-backed initiative aims to equip young people with the skills needed to succeed in business and to make learning more relevant to the needs of future employers. Group companies are contributing help, counsel and equipment to the college. To carry on the social responsibility doesnt mean the company has to give up their profit, WPPs success has proved that socially responsible firms tend to outperform the market average; it shows the company has long term plan. In addition they will obtain good reputation and stable relationships with their external environment. In conclusion of this essay, WPP Media is showing signs of being a Company that is dedicated to high standards of ethical practice. Their behaviour has met the public expectation, customer demand, also the employees desire. They are taking up projects, policies and standards that please all of their main stakeholders and are still improving every year. Therefore they have obtained not only economic profit but also more importantly, the good reputation, which will benefit their business in long run. Their needs are being met and constantly exercised. It remains to be seen what entails for the company in the future; after all ethical practise should be set as a long-term goal for any organisation and its worth the investment. Bibliography Business strategy, an Introduction  Authors: David Campbell  George Stonehouse, www.weblocate.net.

The Deutsche Mark and its Legacy

The Deutsche Mark and its Legacy Since the Euro crisis occurred, there has been a lot of talk about the common European currency, its pros and cons, and the European Union in general. The euro was introduced in 2002 to standardize the money transactions and to push the European Integration, but from then, many Germans (and, of course, citizens of other members of the EU) still  could not let go of their old, beloved currency. Especially for Germans, it was rather easy to convert the value of their Deutsche Marks into Euros because they  were just about half  the  value. That made the transmission rather easy for them, but it also made it harder to let the Mark disappear from their minds. To  this  day, billions of Deutsche Mark bills and coins are still circulating or just lying somewhere in safes, under mattresses, or in collecting albums. The relationship of the Germans towards their Deutsche Mark has always been something special. The History of The Deutsche Mark This relationship has begun just after the Second World War, as the Reichsmark was no longer in use because of the high inflation and the lack of economic coverage. Therefore, people in post-war Germany did just help themselves by reintroducing a very old and basic way of paying: They practiced barter. Sometimes they bartered food, sometimes resources, but many times they used cigarettes as a currency. Those have been very rare after the war, and therefore, a good thing to swap for other things. In 1947, one single cigarette had the value of about 10 Reichsmark, which equals a purchasing power of about 32 euros today. That is why the expression Zigarettenwhrung has become colloquial, even if other goods are traded on the black market. With the so-called Whrungsreform (currency reform) in 1948, the Deutsche Mark was officially introduced in the three western Besatzungszonen, the allied occupied zones of Germany to prepare the country for a new currency and economic system, and also to stop the flourishing black market. This led to inflation in the Soviet-occupied zone in East-Germany and to the  first tension between the occupants. It forced the Soviets to introduce its own eastern version of the mark in its zone. During the Wirtschaftswunder in the 1960s, the Deutsche Mark became more and more successful,  and in the following years, it became a hard currency with international standing. Even in other countries, it was adopted as legal tender during hard times, such as in  parts of  the former Yugoslavia. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is – more or less – still used  today. It was linked to the Deutsche Mark and is  now  linked to the euro, but is called the  Convertible Mark, and the bills and coins have a different look. The Deutsche Mark Today The Deutsche Mark has overcome many hard times and has  always seemed to represent the values of Germany,  such  as  stability and prosperity. That is one of many reasons why people still mourn the days of the Mark, especially during the financial crisis. However, that does  not  seem to be the reason why so many Marks are still circulation, according to the Deutsche Bundesbank. Not only has  a  large amount of the money  been transferred abroad (mainly to  the former Yugoslavia),  but  also, it is sometimes the way  in  which many Germans saved their money over the years. People often mistrusted the banks, especially the older generation, and just hid cash somewhere in the house. Thats why many cases are documented where large amounts of Deutsche Marks are discovered in houses or flats after the occupants died. After all, in most of the cases, the money might have  just been forgotten- not only in hiding places but also in pants, jackets, or old wallets. Also, much of the money that is still circulating is just waiting in collectors albums to be found. Over the years, the Bundesbank has always published new specially-made coins to collect, most of them with a nominal value of 5 or 10 Marks. The good thing is, though, that one can still change Deutsche Marks into euros at the Bundesbank in the exchange rate of 2002. You can also return bills to the bank and get them replaced if they are (partially) damaged. In case you find an album full of  a D-Mark collectors coins, send them to the Bundesbank and get them exchanged. Some of them can be very precious today. If they are not, with the increasing silver prices, it  might be a better idea to get them melted down.

Do you believe Girl or Sabbat function as Little Red Riding Hood Essay

Do you believe Girl or Sabbat function as Little Red Riding Hood (LRRH) Rewrites Why or why not In your response, you may respond to only one text and you must compare it to a traditional version of LRRH - Essay Example In as much as â€Å"Sabbat† appears to be in the tale, â€Å"girl† is more dominant and serves as the Little Red Riding Hood (LRRH). In all versions of the tale, there are human relationships evidenced by the presence of people such as grandmother. Certainly, a â€Å"Sabbat† cannot have a grandmother unless in a fiction. Evidently, the girl had a grandmother and was anxious to learn various things. As a result, when given a Red Riding Hood by her grandmother she ends up wondering around in the forest. Certainly, the latter plays a more important role in shaping perception and understanding of the tale (Hillert 71). The original versions make the wolf a dangerous animal that eats the girl. Nevertheless, the following versions make it difficult for the story to end in the direction as she gets saved before the actual process. For instance, in one instance a saviour disguises as her father to initiate a safe retrieval from the dangerous situation. In other instances, the saviour appears as a hunter or woodcutter to rescue the Little Red Riding Hood. The moral ambiguity in all the stories appear to focused on a human experience. Variation in moral message among the different versions of Little Red Riding Hood represents different issues. Conceivably, the theme of not talking to strangers dominates the story that makes it easy for children to learn. Undoubtedly, many parents have been on the verge of teaching and educating their children not to talk to strangers. The educative book makes it easy for parents to educate children without going through hard lessons (Mays 46). Contrary to Perrault version that has additional text located at the end of every story, others leave the unintended version for readers to employ different measures. Interestingly, the human experience of the girl in the tale makes this possible. Without a consistent word layout, it is difficult to bring into light

William F. Baker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

William F. Baker - Essay Example This is because both of his late grandfathers were also engineers though their fame did not equal that of Baker as a skyscraper designer. In his early schooling, Baker used to excel in Maths, Physics and History though before his graduation he had no idea of what he wanted to study while in University (Baker, 2010). Baker’s strong desire to pursue engineering as a career started after undergoing aptitude test confirmation where he proceeded to the University of Missouri and graduated in 1975 (Baker, 2010). Equipped with a Bachelor of Science in civil engineering, Baker worked for various oil companies in 1970s though he decided to quit within a very short time to pursue Masters Degre (Wallace, 2011). To his peers, Baker seemed to have made a wrong decision but in he knew better than they did (Wallace, 2011). This is by going back to school to study Masters in Structural Engineering at the University of Illinois (Wallace, 2011). Baker’s Masters Degree was extremely deman ding due to the course’s many subjects supposed to equip him with right knowledge concerning how to tackle varied tasks that characterized his field of specialization. After graduating, Baker joined Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, LLP (SOM) firm whose staff comprised of talented experts from his former school (Baker, 2010). Here he worked under the supervision of Fazlur Khan who also mentored him on how to design and evaluate tallest buildings besides other structures. Consequently, this was revelation to the young Baker who by then he hardly knew that experience acted as a preparation for great, complex and fascinating projects in future, for instance, Burj Dubai Tower (Baker, Pawlikowski & Young, 2009). Throughout his career, Baker has always collaborated with other numerous and different experts like architects while undertaking extremely involving design projects (Baker, Pawlikowski & Young, 2009). 2. Problem / Issue identification Baker was a structural engineer, but most of his works required architects’ intervention, especially when he was drawing certain figures that entailed refined details. The two fields’ core role encompasses producing effective structural designs that will support and ensure safety to all people. This is by ensuring the load of every designed structure can adequately withstand varied inevitable natural forces, for instance, wind and gravity (Baker, 2010). This study seeks to relay Baker’s experience, expertise and career achievements that have prompted him to the most renowned structural engineer in the world (Baker, Pawlikowski & Young, 2009). Literature Review Mainly, Baker’s major role in every designing project encompasses coming up with a strong and effective plan that will not only meet client’s aesthetic value, but also ensure evenly distribution of the entire structure’s weight. The designing of the entire structure that will be free from adverse effects resulting from gravity a nd wind is the task that cannot be complete without the intervention of architects. This is evident in the recent completed Burj Dubai Tower which, according to Baker and his team, comprises one of the current famed breakthroughs. According to Baker, for a skyscraper to meet client’s specifications, it ought to fulfill key inevitable engineering principles. These are insignificant for the client, but experts must employ them while erecting the required structure as per the stated specifications. For instance, Burj’s design had to be efficient, considerable wide base to support the expected load but narrow enough such that the building is economically viable (Baker, 2010). Therefore, the building despite designed to meet all the client’

Assessment of Pain in Post Surgical Patients Essay

Assessment of Pain in Post Surgical Patients - Essay Example The research paper â€Å"Assessment of Pain in Post Surgical Patients† focuses on a subjective and objective assessment of pain in post-surgical patients of cardiothoracic surgery. Pain management includes the various types of pain experiences throughout an individual’s life cycle and alleviating the same through interventional measures. Pain experiences may include acute and chronic in nature. Pain has physiological, spiritual, emotional and psychosocial dimensions, it is for this reason managing pain through multidimensional observations, and assessments are extremely important. Due to the various advances in the field of pain management (including assessment tools, newer guidelines on pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions), nurses may land up into incomplete or inadequate domain knowledge leading to ineffective pain management. These include the failure to identify types of pain (neuropathic or nociceptive or psychopathic?), how it will be assessed ob jectively and subjectively? If the type of pain is screened properly, it will create a roadmap to treat the pain in a patient whether with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (for nociceptive pain) or drugs that reduce neuropathic or psychopathic pain like Pregabalin or Sertraline respectively. With these observations it will help to design a proper care because if the patient is suffering from neuropathic pain NSAIDs will be ineffective and if the patient has a more nociceptive component , then neuropathic drugs like Pregabalin will not mediate cure. Materials and Methodology A total of 75 patients will be evaluated as per the current admission beds in the CTVS ward. Both male and female patients would be evaluated. Inclusion Criteria Patients undergone CTVS surgery in past 7 days Patients expressing some sort of pain. Exclusion criteria Patients without pain. Patients with chronic diabetes mellitus Patients having pain from fall, arthritis, fibromyalgia, spondylosis, disc prolla pse, chronic low back pain prior to CTVS surgery. The reason for the exclusion criteria is that we wanted to find whether the sole component of CTVS surgery causes post operative pain in patients. The variables were due to the fact that diabetes, fibromyalgia, chronic low back pain, disc prollapse can all have a neuropathic component of pain and will interfere with our findings whether CTVS surgery is the cause of neuropathic pain. The assessment tool that will be used is based on Dr Freynhagen’s Pain Detect Tool which comprises of a set of questions that gives each component of observation a individual score.( Freynhagen et al, 2009). The scores are assigned a weighted point of +1, -1,0, or +2. For example, if a patient complains of a pain that is radiating to both his hands from the point of origin ( heart in this case), a +2 is assigned in that criterion score. The final score of all the criteria are summated and put on an assessment scale to determine the objective compon ent of pain as given below in the format below: Results evaluation The summated pain score is placed in a pain scale given in the attached appendix (A) from a 0 to 38 point scale. If the score of the patient is 0-12 a neuropathic component is unlikely and it can be inferred the patient has chiefly nociceptive pain component, if the total score is 13 to 19 then the pain has both nociceptive and neuropathic compo